标题：◆学习英语十法

匈牙利著名女翻译家卡扎·罗姆布，一生精通十多门外语，她在几十年的外语学习中总结出十点体会，现将其翻译、归纳、评述如下，供初学者参考—— 一、向往着美好的目标，切忌怀疑自己，畏缩不前。染上信心不足这种精神萎缩症的人是很难成功的。学外语要坚信自己一定能达到目的，坚信自己的毅力和语言才干。 二、切忌三天打鱼两天晒网。学习外语一天也不能中断，那怕每天能挤出十分钟来看一看、背一背也好。一日之计在于晨，早晨是学外语的好时光，若实在没时间，起码能在洗脸刷牙时听听外语录音或广播也行。 三、学习感到厌倦了，不必过于勉强继续，但也不能扔下不学，最好是变换一下学习方法和形式，如听有趣的外语故事、看外语电影，或改学别一科目以作调节。 四、外语好比一个堡垒，必须从四面八方向其包围进攻。除了学习课本外，读外文报纸、听外语广播、看外语电影、听外语歌曲、听外语讲座，甚至可阅读外语的商品说明书等等，都是好办法，要多管齐下。 五、应随时记下并背出常用的句型，并更换成分进行练习，以达熟练运用。 六、抄录和记忆句型及惯用语时要用单数第一人称。这主要是让人有一种切身的感受，在心理上构成一种语言环境，从而提高学习的效果。 七、不要脱离上下文孤立地死记硬背，要将单词和成语置于具体的上下文语言关系中，联系起来理解记忆。 八、在旅行或干手工活时，不要放弃学习的机会，应尽可能“心译”你接触到的东西，如一闪而过的广告，听到别人聊天的话语。这样既是休息，也是学习。但做得不好甚至做得很糟时，切勿失去信心。 九、不要反复去看那些未经老师修改的练习，因为只有那些被证明是正确无误的东西，才具有思考和牢记的价值。 十、要敢于用外语说话，尤其不要放弃能接触外国人并与其进行交谈的机会。但不要怕出错，当别人指责你的错误时，也不要难为情，更不要泄气。

句子比单词重要 中国人学英语，最常用的方法是背单词，甚至有人以能背出一本词典为荣，但是词典上的解释是死的，语言的运用却是活的，机械的理解会造成很大的误解。词典不是最重要的，关键在于语境。可以说，单词没有多少实际运用的价值，机械记忆的单词量再大，也不会真正提高你的外语水平。要养成背诵句子的好习惯，因为句子中既包含了发音规则，又有语法内容，还能表明某个词在具体语言环境中的特定含义。不要学“古董英语”。任何语言都是活的，每天都会发展，学习陈旧的语言毫无新鲜感，而且基本无处可用。不鲜活、不入时、不风趣幽默的语言不是我们要学的语言，多读外文报纸、多看原版影视作品才会有助于补充新词汇。 很多人以为，把单词拆成一个个字母背熟就可以正确地拼写出来，其实，科学的方法是把读音、拼写和用法融为一体，同步进行，眼口手脑并用，并把它应用到句子里面去理解。 听不懂也要听 练习听力时，许多人抱怨听不懂，因而丧失了听的乐趣，往往半途而废。其实，即使听不懂也是一种学习，只不过你自己觉察不到而已。虽然暂时听不懂，但你的耳膜已经开始尝试着适应一种新的语言发音，你的大脑在调整频率，准备接受一种新的信息代码，这本身就是一次飞跃。 所以切记：听不懂时，你也在进步。 练习听力，要充分利用心理学上的无意注意，只要一有时间，就要打开录音机播放外语磁带，使自己处于外语的语言环境中，也许你没听清楚说些什么，这不要紧，你可以随便做其他事情，不用去有意听，只要你的周围有外语环境的发音，你的听力就会提高。 敢于开口 学英语很重要的一点是用来和他人交流，但开口难也是中国人学英语的一大特点。问题出在以下几点： 一是有些人把是否看懂当成学习的标准。拿到一本口语教材，翻开几页一看，都看懂了，就认为太简单了，对自己不合适。其实，练习口语的教材，内容肯定不会难，否则没法操练。看懂不等于会说，把这些你已经学会的东西流利地表达出来，才是口语教材最主要的目标。 二是千万不要用汉字来记英语发音。学习一门外语如果发音不过关，始终不会真正掌握一门外语，而且最大的害处是不利于培养对外语的兴趣，影响下一步学习。现在有人把用汉语发音标注英语，比如把“goodbye”记作“古得拜”，甚至把这种做法作为成果出版，这样做肯定后患无穷。 不敢开口的第三点是怕语法有错。没有具体问题，一般不要去读语法书。超前学习语法，会使你如坠云里雾里，丧失学习外语的乐趣和信心。 而且，语法好比游泳理论，对于没有下过水的人来说，游泳理论是用处不大的。同样，对于语言实践不够丰富的初学者，直接学习语法的用处不是很大。所以，一定要结合语言实践来理解语法，语法是学会语言后的一种理论思考。学语言不存在对错，只要能说出来，意思让人家明白就可以了，不用费尽心机考虑用什么句型，只要能选准一个单词就行。 学口语最好的办法，不是做习题，不是背诵，也不是看语法书，而是反复高声朗读课文，这种做法的目的是培养自己的语感，只有具备了语感，才能在做习题时不假思索、下意识地写出正确答案。而且，当你熟练朗读几十篇课文后，很多常用句子会不自觉地脱口而出，所谓的“用外语思维阶段”就会悄然而至。 “盯住”一套教材 现在市场上学英语的材料铺天盖地，这给了大家更多的选择余地，但处理不好也会带来不良后果———今天用这个教材、明天换另一种，学习便失去了系统性。正确的做法是选中一套教材，以它为主，其余材料都作为补充。 还有，目前市面上不少考试材料都以“真题”为卖点，不少考生把希望寄托于做“真题”上，以为这样就能通过考试。其实，很多正规的考试取材十分广泛，经过了严格的难度论证，使用过的材料绝不可能二度使用。 面对这样的考试，仅仅以做题备战显然是治标不治本的做法，做题只能起到帮助考生了解题型的作用……对考生来说，语言能力的提高才是关键。 不要频繁更换学校不要盲目崇拜外语学院，这些学院确实有很长的历史和经验丰富的老师，但是有时也有局限性，教材陈旧、观念陈旧、方法陈旧是他们的通病和致命缺点。 学习英语没有“速成”之说。学好英语也没有捷径，只有方法的好坏。 比如记英语单词，低着头拼命默写就不是一个好办法。好的方法是大声朗读，反复训练发音器官和耳朵，把声音铭刻在脑子里。这样既可以提高听力，又可以改进口语发音，还记了单词。默写只是训练了眼睛和手，可是它们不能替你听和说。这就是好学校和普通学校的差别，好学校通过学习方法的训练，能让学员在最短的时间里得到提高，但这还是需要学员的付出和努力的。不要期望高学费能回报显著的学习效果，付出比较高的学费并不意味着不要学习。 更不要在急用英语的情形下，病急乱投医，不管学校学习方法是否适合自己，先上着再说，等觉得不合适了再换。这对于孩子尤其不好———英语学习进行不下去，就停止或换班，不但会让孩子学习英语的兴趣磨没了，而且，由于师资水平不一，孩子学到的是“夹生英语”，以后想要纠正过来都比较困难。所以，家长们选择好、决定好可信任的教学思想、方法和师资之后，不要轻易换来换去，这样只会给孩子的外语学习带来适得其反的效果。 寻找一个学习伙伴 学习英语还要有较大的动力。每次你坐下来学习，无论在家里还是在语言中心，都需要短期动力集中精力读和听。但更需要长期动力，保证每天经常做这样的事情———这是最难的。所以许多人开始学习英语，过一段时间很快就放弃了———我们学习英语不是一个持续的提高过程，而是通过一系列的突然提高以及间隔着似乎没有变化的阶段，这就是所谓“高原效应”。在几个月的学习中，你都可能注意不到英语的巨大提高，在这些时候，学习者最容易失去长期的动力并放弃学习。避免“高原效应”的好办法是，尽量不要完全一个人学习。如果你不能到语言中心学习，至少你应尝试找一个“学习伙伴”，这样，你们能够互相鼓励和支持。当然，如果能到一个好的语言中心学习就更不错了。 　 　

这种方法非常有效且很容易坚持---口译汉英对照(或英汉对照)的小说或其它读物.首先我们先读汉语部分,然后逐句直接口译成英文,完成一小段后,去看书上的对应英文部分并与我们的口译进行比较,我们马上可以发现我们口译的错误,缺点和进步. 请注意:开始要选择较简单的读物,且应大量做,只做一两篇效果是不明显的.开始可能较慢,费时较多,但请坚持,整体上这是一个加速的过程. 高级阶段请计时练习,以加快反应速度和口语流利度. 作为成人学英语,记忆力差是个拦路虎,作复述练习或背诵课文往往力不从心,或者由于词汇量太小觉得直接作口译太难,那么这样做可以非常有效地解决这个问题:：先学习英文课文,通篇理解透彻后,再来看汉语译文, 把汉语译文口译回英文. 这样等于既作复述练习又作口译(语)练习,可谓一石双鸟! 这样作的好处: 1. 自己就可以练习口语,想练多久,就练多久. 2. 始终有一位高级教师指出您的不足和错误---英文原文. 3. 题材范围极广,可以突破我们自己的思维禁锢,比如我们总是喜欢谈论我们自己熟悉的话题,所以我们总是在练习相同的语言,进步当然就缓慢了. 4. 选择小说,幽默故事或好的短文阅读,使我们有足够的兴趣坚持下去. 5. 有一些我们在直接学习英语课文时被我们熟视无睹的地道的英语用法会被此法发掘出来. 6. 对所学知识和所犯错误印象深刻.这等于我们一直在作汉译英练习,很多英文译文是我们费尽心思憋出来的,所以印象相当深刻.比直接学习英文课文印象要深的多. 7. 经过大量的练习,你会有这样的感觉:没有什么东西你不能翻译,你的翻译水平大大加强了,你的口语表达力大大提高了! 　　　　　　　　　　　　

怎样使句子多样化 一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外，词汇的运用和句子的处理，也起着决定性作用。句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列 句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别： (1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句)(1)和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？最后，看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？ (6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (7) He felt very uneasy. (a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilot''''''''s first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas trainging, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy. 在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两款；接着便是并列句(h)。如果 大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g), (h), (j)和(k)这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？

增强英语语句表现力的有效方法 纵观多年来国家四、六级英语作文考试，考生作文成绩欠佳的主要原因除了准确性和连贯性差之外，语 句软弱无力也是不容忽略的一个方面。因此在英语写作教学中，如何增强语句表现力的问题必须引起我们足够的重视，以提高学生写作的表达质量。为此，笔者结合自己的写作教学实践，针对该项技能的训 练提出了一些切实可行的有效做法，供广大同仁和英语学习者参考借鉴。 一、避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。 1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如： Weak: The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab. Revision:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape. (转换为前置定语) Or: The landscape, bare and brown, begged for spring green. (转换为并列结构作后置定 语) 2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如： 1) Weak: The team members are good players. Revision: The team members play well. 2) Weak: One worker's plan is the elimination of tardiness. Revision: One worker's plan eliminates tardiness. 3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。例 如： 1) Weak: There is no opportunity for promotion. Revision: No opportunity for promotion exists. 2) Weak: Here are the books you ordered. Revision: The books you ordered have arrived. 二、多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了。例如： 1、Poor: My supervisor went past my desk. Better: My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk. 2、Poor: She is a careful shopper. Better: She compares prices and quality. 三、尽量运用主动语态。例如： 1、Weak: The organization has been supported by charity. Better: Charity has supported the organization. 2、Weak: The biscuits were stacked on a plate. Better: Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate. 四、防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如： 1、Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk. Improved: My little sister prefers chocolate milk. 2、Wordy: We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations. Improved: We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendation. 3、Redundant: We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire. Improved: We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire. 4、Redundant: My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores. Improved: My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores. 五、杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如： 1、Weak: They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or form. Improved: They will not agree to any of his proposals. 2、Weak: I need her financial input before I can guesstimate our expenditures next fall. Improved: I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.

写好段落的三个标准（一） 首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须 紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)，这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次，一个段落必须有若 干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻 辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。 1. 统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例： Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. 本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这 一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出 irrelevant sentences（不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子： My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。 从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如 果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。 2． 完整性 正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的 交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如： Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work ---- you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression. 本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是＂a mind in turmoil＂（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读 者得不到明确的答案。 由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如： It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. 段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚 了。比如下段： It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"? 　

写好段落的三个标准（二） 3．连贯性(coherence) 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没 有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 1） 意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。 A．按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement) We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. 本段从 ＂rose＂（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐(＂not to miss breakfast＂, ＂closing at nine o'clock＂)，然后是 ＂close to noon＂，一直写到这一天结束(＂By nine--")。 B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如： From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land. 本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(＂from a distance＂)写起，然后＂get closer＂，再到(＂ ten feet away＂)，最后是 ＂inside the pagoda＂……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。 C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement) a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance) If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从＂not need much skill"或 "of little importance"到 "more important"，最后是 "most important"。 b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement） If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A ---- the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通 过5个 ＂perhaps＂加以例证。 c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement) I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers. 本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。 2） 形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语： Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies --- in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. 本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases)，另一种 是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后 者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇 105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌 握好transitions不仅对行文的流畅(smoothness)有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。 一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.我们看下面一个例子： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的＂it＂之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语.这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就 成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences． 4． 有损连贯性的几种情况： 考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误： 1）不必要的改变时态，比如： In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway. 2）不必要的改变单复数，比如： Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships. 3）不必要的改变人称，比如： Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge. 因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。

引导段 1、主题句必须是可辩论的，不能是说事实，而是说观点。 Theme Statement全文的主题句 2、主题句的位置最好在第一段的最后一句。 支撑段 1、每段只能有一个意思。 这点挺重要的，别和中文一样留个尾巴给下一段，嘿嘿。 2、主题句＋支撑句? Topic Sentence段落的中心句 3、主题句不能定得太宽，也不能才窄。 原因大概是1吧，说不完或者没有支持的主题句是不能接受的。 4、不能有任何无法用来展开论题的多余材料。 结束段 1、简要重述观点以及证明。 2、不要引入任何新的主题。 条件：假如无法说清楚的话 英文还是很注意逻辑的。 学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题： 第一、英语底子太薄。 第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。 第三、表达思想不清楚。下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。 1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.(96年1月，2分) 2） One man's life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分） 3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in today's society.(97年12 月，6分) 这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考 生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如： "man can live happiness"， "Man is iron, and food is steel.", ＂Women are half side sky.＂。此外，语 言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是 系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实 践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看: 1． 含有否定意义的词汇和短语 以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。 介词against, beyond, but, except, without,... 形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,... 短语keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,... 我们看以下例句： 1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。 2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis. 这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。 3） We should protect trees from being destroyed. 我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。 4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines. 在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。 2． 含有半否定意义的词语 barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具 有半否定的意义。例句： 1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago. 几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。 2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read. 这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。 3． 不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help, no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句： 1） We can't but face the reality. 我们只有面对现实。 2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time. 这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。 4． 否定结构的倒装语序 我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如： 1） On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。 2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。 五、 含有it的结构 考生病句： 1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. 2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect. 正确表达： 1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...) 2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...) 评议与分析： 例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子，例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用 as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。 It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。 1．作形式主语 It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not. 2.作形式宾语 We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer. 3.引导强调句 It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population. 从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地 运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩。

Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。 Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。 Brief: 文章"简为贵"，要抓住要点，简明扼要。 Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。 Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。 Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。 Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。 Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。 Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。 Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。 Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。 Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。 Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。 Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。 Relevant: 文章一定要要题。 Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。 Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。 Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。 Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。 Theme: 选题得当，主题突出。 　 英语写作常用词汇及词组 · 表层进· 表举例· 表解释· 表总结· 表强调· 表让步· 表比较· 表转折· 表时间 表层进 first, firstly to begin with、second, secondly to start with、third, thirdly what's more、also and then、and equally important、besides in addition、further in the first place、still furthermore、last last but not the least、next besides、too moreover、finally 表举例 for example for instance、to illustrate as an illustration、after all 　 表解释 as a matter of fact frankly speaking、in this case namely、in other words 　 表总结 in summary in a word、in brief in conclusion、to conclude in fact、indeed in short、in other words of course、it is true specially、namely in all、that is to summarize、thus as has been said、altogether in other words、finally in simpler terms、in particular that is、on the whole to put it differently、therefore 　 表强调 of course indeed、above all most important、emphasis certainly in fact 表让步 still nevertheless、in spite of all the same、even so after all、concession granted naturally、of course 　 表比较 in comparison likewise、similarly equally、however likewise、in the same way 　 表转折 by contrast although、at the same time but、in contrast nevertheless、notwithstanding on the contrary、on the other hand otherwise、regardless still、though yet、despite the fact that even so、even though for all that、however in spite of、instead 　 表时间 after a while afterward、again also、and then as long as、at last at length、at that time before、besides earlier、eventually finally、formerly further、furthermore in addition、in the first place in the past、last lately、meanwhile moreover、next now、presently second、shortly simultaneously 段首句: （一）对立观点命题形式的首句： 1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally, I stand on the side of A . 2. Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons. 3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages. 4. From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons . 6. In general , I prefer to _____ . 7. As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____ . 8. When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ . 9. When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ . 10. At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ . 11. When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently . 12. When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ . 13. When inquired about _____ , the vast majority of people would like to _____ , but other people , who hold an opposite view , consider _____ as _____ . 14. When _____ is mentioned _____ , most people believe that _____ , but other people would rather think _____ as _____ . 15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ , I would like to prefer _____ . （二）单一观点式 A . Agree 1. One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now , it still has its significant realistic value . 2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ . 3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons . 4. I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below . 5. After pondering this question on many occasions , I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it . 6. my arguments for point are listed as follows. 7. I agree with the above statement because _____ . 8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society . 9. I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ . 10. Thinking logically , I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ . 11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ . 12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned , I agree that _____ . 13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However , many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons . 14. Recently , it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ . 15. Recently , there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ , on the other hand , argue that _____ . 16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ , on the other hand , claim that _____ . B . Disagree 1. Until recently , _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it . 2. Recently , we often hear about _____ . But is it ? 3. These days , it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ? 4. I feel such an attitude is negative , and that it can bring _____. 5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank , I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons . 6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis . 7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ , I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination . 8. In the nationwide , discussion , many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ . 9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ , but I _____ . 10. Until recently , _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ . 11. Some people think that _____ , but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons , as presented below . 12. Now , it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ . 13. Now , it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ . 14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because , in my point of view , I believe _____ . 15. As a matter of fact , I support that _____ , but I cannot agree with the title statement . 16. Nowadays , it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ . 结尾句: 1. Taking into account of all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that _____ . 2. All reliable evidences point to one saying , that is _____ . 3. For the reasons presented above , I strongly commit to the notion that _____ . 4. While it is true that _____ , I think that _____ . 5. Given the factors I have just outlined , I can only say that _____ . 6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ , it is _____ . 7. Therefore , it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ . 8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ . 9. To put all into a nutshell , I _____ . 10. In a word , I support the statement that it is better to _____ because

（一）议论文 (1)It is generally believed that . . is a hot topic which is widely talked about both at home and abroad .Now our government attaches great importance to solving this problem.Scicntists in this field have put forward a number of suggestions tending to relieve it.To begin with,we should . . Furthermore, . . It is clear that . . People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people think that . . According to them,all of us should . . Others argue that . . In their opinion,nobody can . . without . . There is no doubt that . . As a consequence . . In short,I firmly support the view that . . It is because . . So my conclusion is that . . (107 words) (2)There is no denying the fact that … is popular topic which is much talked about not only by …, but also by … It is generally thought that … The reasons for … are as follows.To begin with, … Secondly , … Therefore,we should attach great significance to solving the problem. There are , I think ,at least two possible ways to cope with it .The first way to tackle it is to appeal to the authorities to take drastic measures to (do) … The other policy that is worth adopting is to work out new regulations to (do) … Only in this way can we succeed in dealing with the problem in the near future. To conclude ,it seems obvious … So the prospect we are looking forward to will be both bright and encouraging.(127 words) （二）图表作文 As is shown in the table (or in the picutre) , … dropped from … in 1996 .According to the figures given in the table, … has greatly increased ( or decreased ) in the past … years ( or decades ), reaching … in 1996.From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline ( or rise ) in … It is clear that … There are at least two good reasons for … On the one hand, … Let’s have an example to illustrate the great increase in … On the other hand, … is due to the fact that … In addition, … is responsible for … Maybe there are some other reasons to show … But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable. As far as I am concerned, I believe that …… I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.(126 words) 逻辑问题分析论证句式： 1. The fact that…does not necessarily imply that… 2. Factors such as…all have some bearing on… 3. Economy, as we know, is influenced by the combination of a host of factors, local, national and international, political, social, and technological. 4. But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented… 5. But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction. 6. According to…, but there is no evidence whatsoever to show… 7. The argument provides no direct information as to the degree to which… 8. There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate that… 9. But any conclusion at this stage is premature in absence of a 　comprehensive examination of… 10. For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing. 11. The arguer employs two lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. 12. To support this claim, the editorial cites statistics indicating that… 13. As it stands, this argument suffers from three critical flaws. 14. In this argument, the planning department of an investment firm reaches the conclusion that… 15. The basis for this recommendation is the expectation that… 16. While this argument has some merit, there are a few assumptions that deserve attention. 17. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from…is representative of … 18. To begin with, this argument depends on the assumption that… 19. Not only does the arguer fail to…, he also fails to… 20. However, while the poll establishes a correlation between…and…, and also indicates a correlation, though less significantly, between…and…, it does not establish a general causal relationship between… 谈句型的灵活运用 句子也是如此，我们提倡简炼，但不是说都用简单句。有人认为在写作考试中，采用简单句、短句、容易掌握，不在会出错，因而也最保险。这话没有错，但简单句用得太多，造成简单句的堆彻实际上是语言技巧不成熟、不老练，甚至语言水平低下的表现。在阅卷人员看来，同样的意思内容，一个考生能够运用比较复杂的句子结构来表达，其语言水平当然要比只会用简单句来表达的考生的语言水平高出一截，就是有点错也不妨碍他比后者取得较高的分数，因为他的难度系数要高。在某种意义上来说，在词数相同的作文中，语言水平越高，语言技巧越熟练，句子的数目也就越少。这就意味着句子长了，句子结构复杂了。 当然，我们反对过多地使用简单句并不是鼓励学生去刻意追求长句、复杂句。我们追求的是句子结构的多变。一篇文章能根据表达的内容使用不同的句子结构，会产生较好的艺术效果。 例子1 The　Career　I　Pursue的主体段： A　variety　of　reasons　have　led　me　to　choose　this　occupation　over　other　more　lucrative　ones.　First, teaching　is　learning.　To　make　my　lectures　more　interesting,　I　have　to　read　more　books,　explore　new　knowledge　and　gain　a　better　understanding　of　the　world-the　very　thing　I　like　to　do　in　my　life.　Second,　teaching　means　freedom.　As　a　teacher,　I　can　freely　express　my　opinions　and　explain them　in　my　own　way　since　nobody　will　interfere　with　me.　Finally,　I　like　teaching　because　it　offers　a　certain　peace　of　mind.　No　more　rushing　to　catching　a　morning　bus,　no　more　anxiety　to　please　a　boss,　and　no　more　worries　about　being　laid　off　because　you　are　getting　old. 文中有4个词的短句:First, teaching　is　learning. 也有27个词的长句:To　make　my　lectures　more　interesting,　I　have　to　read　more　books,　explore　new　knowledge　and　gain　a　better　understanding　of　the　world-the very　thing　I　like　to　do　in　my　life. 有简单句,也有复杂句:As　a　teacher,　I　can　freely　express　my　opinions　and　explain　them　in　my　own　way　since　nobody　will　interfere　with　me; 还有同位语句，断裂句，排比句，比较句等,因而文章读起来节奏感强。所谓句子变化，主要是指句子的开头要有变化，句子的结构要有变化，句子的长度要有变化。不要连续使用几个简单句，要学会使用复杂句。 例子2 a)　Teenagers　are　pressured　by　school work.　They are　also　encouraged　by　their　peers.　Under　such　circumstances,　they　resort　to　smoking.　But sometimes　they　feel　a　little　guilty. b)　Pressured　by　school　work　and　encouraged　by　their　peers,　teenagers　often　resort　to　smoking,　tough　they　feel　a　little　guilty　sometimes. 不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头(受汉语表达习惯的影响,不少考生都喜欢以I，People，We等开头)。 例子3 a)　Many　people　think　birth　control　is　quite　necessary　in　China. b)　It　is　widely/commonly thought/believed/held/accepted　that　birth　control　is　quite　necessary　in　China. a)　More　and　more　people　agree　(realize/are　aware)　that　women　should　enjoy　full　equality　with　men. b)　There　is　a　growing　agreement　(realization/awareness)　that　women　should　enjoy　full equality　with　men. a)　Many　Chinese　people　have　gone　to　the　United　States　in　the　past　15　years. b)　The　past　15　years　have　brought　many　Chinese　people　to　the　United　States. a)　We　almost　forget　this　event. b)　This　event　is　now　almost　fading　from　our　memory. 锻造地道英语句子 1. The artist’s work pushes our civilization to a higher level. 改进：Artists’ work upgrades our civilization. 2. For example, you work in a big factory. 改进: Suppose you work in a big factory. 3. You’ll find you are fit for business and you can make it your main job. 改进：You’ll find that you are cut out for business and you can make it your career. 4. We will own nothing at all if we depend on luck. 改进: We will get nowhere if we rely on luck. 5. He will get a higher salary to improve his living level. 改进: He will get a higher salary, thus improving his life. 6. Their brain is still very young. 改进: They are still immature. 7. Dissatisfaction makes people produce desire for better things. 改进: Dissatisfaction impels people for the better. 8. They can’t analyze clearly what is right and what is wrong. 改进: They cannot tell right from wrong. 9. It will help children to form a good habit of dealing with time. 改进: It will help children learn to make good use of time. 10. Though it is not the best job, it afford to his life. 改进: Though it is not the best job, a job is a job. He can make ends meet with it. 11. Since people are always not satisfied with their present situation, they want further development. 改进: Since people are never satisfied with their status quo, they want further development. 12. The only thing they need to do is to find a job which can easily get big money. 改进: The only thing they need to do is to find a job that can bring them big money. 13. They like an active life but not a peaceful life. 改进: They like an active life rather than a peaceful one. 14. Some cigarettes may even cost a larger sum of money. 改进: Some cigarettes may cost even more. 15. Firstly, dissatisfaction encourages the discovery of new products. 改进: Firstly, dissatisfaction encourages the invention of new products. 16. In order to suit the needs of entering into work, students must grasp some technical skills. 改进: In order to meet the needs of future work, students must learn some practical skills. 17. It is very necessary more qualified scientists and technicians. 改进: Qualified scientists and technicians are in great demand. 18. This knowledge will become a part of your body. 改进: This knowledge will become part of you. 19. They cannot think clearly. 改进: They cannot think straight. 20. Money can improve their living standard. 改进: Money can improve their life. 21. Parents always think that children will get a good job and earn a lot of money. 改进: Parents always expect their children to get a good job and earn a lot of money. 22. If a student only cares about money, will lead to be unhappy all his life. 改进: If a student only cares about money, he will be misled and will be unhappy all his life. 23. One purpose of education is to study the way in which he studies later. 改进: One purpose of education is to learn to learn. 24. Many parents arrange their children go to learn piano. 改进: Many parents send their children to piano classes. 25. When I want to absorb somebody else’s opinion, I will study with others. 改进: When I need second opinion, I will study with others. 26. Eating outside has the most advantage that we can go at any time when we finish eating without doing any washing. 改进: The best part of eating out is that we can leave everything behind after meal. 27. Smoking can help you relax your mind. 改进: Cigarettes can help you relax. 28. What’s about nonsmokers? 改进: What about nonsmokers? 29. Why not to be a non-smoker? 改进: Why not be a non-smoker? 30. Everyone will have many friends in his life. 改进: Everyone has friends in his life. 31. I am not good at maths, but English 改进: I am good not at mathematics but at English/ My strength is not mathematics but English. 32. Who is the proper person to make up his minds about children’s leisure time? 改进: Who is the proper person to plan children’s leisure time? 33.It is children who clear about their interests. 改进: It is children who are clear about their own interests. 34. I agree the latter idea. 改进: I agree with the latter idea. 35. Many people dissatisfy with the status quo. 改进: Many people are dissatisfied with the status quo. 36. So I feel breathe more comfortably now. 改进: So I feel more comfortable now when I breathe. 37. People should learn knowledge no matter how old they are. 改进：People should learn no matter how old they are/ People are never too old to learn. 38. No one knows all the things. 改进: No one knows everything. 39. I want to live in a quiet place to admire peaceful life. 改进: I want to live in a quiet place to enjoy peaceful life. 40. Each form of having friends has its advantages 改进: Each way of choosing friends has its advantages. 41. I was admitted to a key university for which few dared to sign up. 改进: I was admitted to a key university to which few dared to apply 42. Luckily, he recognized an American professor. 改进: Luckily, he knew an American professor. 43. They will learn the bad habits. 改进: They will develop bad habits. 44. In this continued process, people make progress. 改进: In this cycle, people make progress. 45. Lastly, higher education is equal to higher salary. 改进: Lastly, higher education means higher salary. 46. By making friends who are different from ourselves, we can make up for deficiency. 改进: By making friends who are different from ourselves, we can make up for our shortcomings. 47. A wrong decision will bring even worse fact. 改进: A wrong decision will bring even worse result. 48. You spend all your life to fulfill your willing. 改进: You devote all your life to the fulfillment of your dream. 49. Children should be taught disciplines in order to avoid unnecessary lost. 改进: Children should be taught discipline in order to avoid unnecessary loss.

作文文套一 A or B Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from my point of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________.就理由进行解释_____________________.For instance,____________________ Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________.就理由进行解释___________________For example,____________________ The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________ Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious. Such as________________. In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to A. 作文文套二 A or B 将原题复述___________________________________________When faced with the decision of A of B, quite a few would deem that______________________, but others, in contrast, believe A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors which influence -A/-B, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows. The main reason for my propensity fo _________is that___________________ The second reason can be seen by every person that________. In addition, these reason are also usable when we consider that_________. There are some disadvantages in____________________另一种观点的缺点__________. In a word, _____________重复观点句并缩写理由__________________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that___________. 作文文套三 单一命题式 The answer of this statement depends on your own experience and life style. In my point view, buying computers is as important as, if not more important than, buying books. So it is sagacious to ____________.Among countless factors which influence the choice, these are three conspicuous aspects as follows. The main reason for my propensity for__________is that____________. Another reason can be seen by every person is that________________. Futhermore,______________. In short,_________________复述前文中的理由______________. 作文文套四 agree or disagree Some people argue as if it is a general truth that a _____________________________.But to be frank, I cannot agree with them. There are numerous reasons why I hold no confidence on them, and I would explore only a few primary ones here. The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant o the basic fact that______________解释本段中心___________. Another reason why I disagree with the above statement is that I believe that______________. What is more, some students are interested in____________. In a word, ________________. 作文文套五 A or B Some people prefer to A. others believe B. When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that______________, but others, in contrast , deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. There are numerous reasons why___________, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. The main reason why I agree with the above statement, however, is that_____________________. Take___________as example, ______________. There is another factor that deserves some words here. Such as ________________________. Similarly, these reasons are also usable when we consider that______________.(exmaples:___________). From the above you might got idea that I agree______________.(repeat the above three reason____________).So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to _______________. 作文文套六 Agree or disagree Some people prefer to A, others believe B, Nowadays some may hold the opinion that ________________, but others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree/disagree that_______________. MY arguments for this point are listed as follows. One of the primary causes is that_______________________. Examples_______________. But there is a fruther more subtle point we must consider. Examples. What is more_______________. Examples___________ General speaking, __________. Recongizing the fact that _______________should drive us to conclude that______________. 作文文套七 A or B In my point of view, A is as important as, if not more important than B. So it is sagacious to choose A. Among count less factors which influence A. there are three conspicuous aspects as follows. The above point is certainly true if A is considered. For exmaple,___________________ Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that A is better than B. For instance,_______________ It would probably not be too kindly disposed to the idea that B is not important . B________也好_________. In a word, to choose A or B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of B, and neglect hte genuinely good aspects of A. For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that A, but not B. 作文文套八 A or B When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that A, but others, in contrast, deem B as the premier choice and that is also my point. This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points. We may look into every possible reason, however, fore most reason for B is ____________________. For example, ______________. Also, ________________________. This is arbitray to judge B according only to the excuse I mentioned in the above paragraph. Similarly, these reasons are also usable when we consider that________________. Admittedly, __________________A也有好的地方______________.By he same token, however, ______________B更好____________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that_____________. 作文文套九 A or B When it comes to______________, Nevertheless, in my part, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. I agree with the statement that _________without reservation since___________. Naturally___________.It can be given a concrete example__________. A more essential factor why I advocate the argument of __________is that. Obviously ________________.Take the case of a thing that____________. Futhermore, what is worth noticing fact is that ________________. This demonstrates the undeniable fact that__________________. Of course, choosing B also has advantages to some extent,_______________此处论述B的1-2优点___________.But if all these factors are contemplated, the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that_____________. 作文文套十 ____________改写并复述题目____________. There may be by one or two disadvantages to ___________________; however, I believe that there are far more advantages. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. First of all, perhaps one disadvantages to____________is that______________.For instance, __________________. Another drawback to _____________involves the possibility that____________. For example, ____________. Even though there may be one or two disadvantages to____________, the advantages far outweigh them. The main reason for my propensity for __________is that _________. For exmaple_____________. Another reason for my inclination for _____________ is that _________________. For example, _________________. In a word, in spite of the fact that there may be a couple of disadvantages to _____________, I feel that the advantages are more obvious___________.重复优点__________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that _____________. 作文文套十二 A or B ____________改写并复述题目____________.The advantages of B carry more weight than those of A. There are numerous reasons why __________, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. One of the primary cause is that_______________________. What is also worth noticing fact is that_____________________. Futhermore, ________________________. Although I agree that there may be couple of disadvantages to_________________.I fell that the advantages are more obvious_____________. _______________, Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that___________________. 作文文套十三 A or B ____________改写并复述题目____________.When faced withe decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that ___________, but others, in contrast, deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors which influence _________, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows. The main reason for my propensity for ________________ is that _____________. Another reason can be seen by every person is that___________________. The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because ________________________. In a word, ___________________. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that ____________________. 作文文套十四 A or B From my point of view, it is advisable to choose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. The main reason for my propensity for ____________________ is that ________________. There is another factor that deserves some words here. In a word, ________________________. While it is true that the argument, I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think_______________. 作文文套十五 agree or disagree Nowadays, some may hold the opinion that ____________________. But others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree that ____________. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. I agree with the statement that ______________________without reservation since ________________. Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that________________. In a word, _________________________. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that__________.

作文中常用句套： 下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换. 开头： When it comes to ..., some think ... There is a public debate today that ... A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus. 提出观点： Now there is a growing awareness that... It is time we explore the truth of ... Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible. 进一步提出观点： ... but that is only part of the history. Another equally important aspect is ... A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are... 提出假想例子的方式： Suppose that... Just imagine what would be like if... It is reasonable to expect... It is not surprising that... 举普通例子： For example(instance),... ... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) A good case in point is... A particular example for this is... 引用： One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there. 讲故事 （先说故事主体），this story is not rare. ..., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance. 提出原因： There are many reasons for ... Why .... , for one thing,... The answer to this problem involves many factors. Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ... The first reason can be obiviously seen. Most people would agree that... Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that... Part of the explanation is ... 进行对比： The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ... Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned. A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that... 承上启下： To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... A study of ... will make this point clear 让步： Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... I do not deny that A has its own merits. 结尾： >From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short... 在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多

Very good~~~~ I've just copyed it to my computer. I'll enjoy it carefully~~~~ Dear!continue~~~

but ,it cann't be copied,why not ?who can tell me? help !please

I think you should be copy the whole webpage! you can try to copy floor by floor.