一． 时态：
一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时
1. 一般现在时
表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。
u 含有be动词的句子
He is a teacher.
The girl is very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are students.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is he a teacher?
Is the girl very beautiful?
Are Tim and Jack students?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
He is not a teacher.
The girl is not very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are not students.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
Yes, she is. No, she is not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
u 不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子
第三人称单数及单数名词
He likes books.
She likes him.
The dog likes bones.
★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型
Does he like books?
Does she like him?
Does the dog like bones?
★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型
He doesn’t like books.
She doesn’t like him.
The dog doesn’t like bones.
★肯定回答及否定回答：
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。
其他人称及复数名词
I want to have a bath.
We have some meat.
The students like smart teachers.
★变疑问句在句首加do
Do you want to have a bath?
Do we have any meat?
Do the students like smart teachers?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.
You don’t want to have a bath.
We don’t have any meat.
The students don’t like smart teachers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, we do. No, we don’t
Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
2. 现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。
构成： 主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录）
We are having lunch.
He is reading a book.
The dog is running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are we having lunch?
Is he reading a book?
Is the dog running after a cat?
Are the boys swimming across the river?
★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
We are not having lunch.
He is not reading a book.
The dog is not running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.
疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词
What are you doing?
What is she doing?
What is the dog doing?
(必背)
没有进行时的动词
表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作
1. 表示感觉，感官的词
see, hear, like, love, want,
2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时
3. 一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或事件， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were
I was at the butcher’s.
You were a student a year ago.
The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
Were you at the butcher’s?
Were you a student a year ago?
Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I was not at the butcher’s.
You were not a student a year ago.
The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
★肯定回答否定回答
Yes, I was. No, I was not.
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
★特殊疑问句：
What did you do?
(必背)
不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录
I finished my homework yesterday.
The boy went to a restaurant.
The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型
Did you finish your homework yesterday?
Did the boy go to a restaurant?
Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
I did not finish my homework yesterday.
The boy did not go to a restaurant.
The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
Yes, they did. No, they did not.
4. 现在完成时
构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词
用法：
1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用
I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）
They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）
The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）
2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Have he seen the film?
3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
I have worked for this school for 1 year.
4) 表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情
I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film.
I have never been to cinema.
I have ever been to Paris.
Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了
I have been to London.(人已经回来)
He has gone to London.（人还在那里）
5) 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用
I have lost my pen.
I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher.
She has broken my heart.
句型变化：
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.
e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
★特殊疑问句：
What have you done?
What has he done?
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时
注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用
错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.
对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.
5. 一般将来时
表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用
结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形
I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
Yes, he will. No, he will not.
★特殊疑问句：
What will you do?
6. 过去完成时：
用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构：had+过去分词
After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
They had sold the car before I asked the price.
The train had left before I arrived at the station.
After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。
★ 变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Had she finished her homework?
★ 变否定句在助动词后面加not
She hadn’t finished her homework.
★ 肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
★ 特殊疑问句：
What had she done?
7. 过去进行时
表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
结构：was/were+doing
When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.
While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.
8． 过去将来时
结构：would do
She said she would go here the next morning.
一． 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构
1. Be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is the father going to do?
(必背)
2. There be 句型
表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
u There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
u There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not.
Yes, there are. No, there are not.
一． 问句：
一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句
² 一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语
Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
² 特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What is your name?
² 选择疑问句: or
Do you want beef or lamb?
² 反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分， 否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
You don’t need that pen, do you?
² 否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词
Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
二． 冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法
详细见笔记
三． 限定词：some, any, many, much
² some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
² many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.
一． 名词：种类，复数，名词所有格
1．名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
² 不可数名词
无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）
抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）
不可数名词有以下特点：
l 不能用a, an修饰
l 不能加s
l 和单数be动词或动词搭配
² 可数名词：
单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：
规则变化的名词复数形式 | |
规则1 | 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells book→books |
规则2 | 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches |
规则3 | 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes，（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radio→radios |
规则4 | 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives |
规则5 | 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies fly→flies |
不规则变化的名词复数形式 | |||||
单数 | man | woman | foot | goose | tooth |
复数 | men | women | feet | geese | teeth |
单数 | child | sheep | deer | mouse | fish |
复数 | children | sheep | deer | mice | fish |
一． 介词( 注意总结书上词组)
二．副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化
u 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：
The book is very good.
He runs fast.
She came here quite early.
Certainly I will go with you.
u 变化：
1． 直接在形容词后加-ly,
careful-carefully, slow-slowly,
2． 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,
happy-happily, lucky-luckily
3． 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化
fast, hard, late
4． 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：
neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,
一． 情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,
1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）
结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型
He can make the tea.
Sally can air the room.
We can speak English.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Can he make the tea?
Can Sally air the room?
Can we speak English?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
He cannot make the tea.
Sally cannot air the room.
We cannot speak English.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he can. No, he cannot.
Yes, she can. No, she cannot.
Yes, we can. No, we cannot.
★特殊疑问句：
What can you do?
(必背)
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。
2．Must/have to的区别
must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做
must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3．must, may, might表示猜测：
u must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
u must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
u must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
u may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。
u can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
4．need 用法：
u 表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.
u Need doing=need to be done，表示被动
The flowers need watering.
u Need在否定时做情态动词使用
You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.
Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.
一． 倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg.
He can swim. So can I.
I didn’t go to class. Neither did I.
结构：
so/neither+be+ 主语
so/neither+助动词+ 主语
so/neither+情态动词+ 主语
一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are
现在进行时, am, is, are
一般过去时, did
现在完成时, have, has
一般将来时, will, shall,
过去进行时，was, were
过去完成时，had
过去将来时, would
二． 直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
u 时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can----------------could
may---------------might
u 时间地点及指示词的变化：
here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that…
u 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。
三． 直接宾语/间接宾语
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。
He gives me a book.
me间接宾语, a book直接宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for
主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语
Give me a book.
Give the book to me.
Send his a letter.
Send a letter to him.
Show him the new dress.
Show the new dress to him.
一． 从句：
宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）
u 宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。
u 定语从句：
u 表语从句：
u 状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时
What will you do if you win a lot of money?
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
二． 动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII)
结构： to do,
用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。
做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want, like, ask ,try…
做宾补：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do…
虚拟语气
虚拟语气是说话人通过动词的特殊形式表示所说的话不是事实，而是一种愿望，假设，猜测，建议，可能，或者空想等。
1． 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法：
| 条件从句 | 主句 |
与现在事实相违背 | 过去式（动词是BE用were） | Should / would + 动词原形 |
与过去事实相违背 | had + 过去分词 | would / should + have +过去分词 |
与未来事实相违背 | 1) should + 动词原形 2) were + 动词不定式 3) 过去式（动词是BE也可以用were） | would / Should + 动词原形 |
虚拟语气除了上述正式形式外，还要注意以下几点：
1) 含蓄虚拟条件状语：有时候虚拟条件句不用从句，而用without, but for, in the absence等介词短语或其他形式来表示：
But for your help, we wouldn’t have got the result so soon.
2) 省略结果主句的虚拟条件句，常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only来引导，意思是“要是。。。就好了。”表示与现在事实相反，谓语用过去时，表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成式，表示与将来事实相反，谓语用would+动词原型。
If only you hadn’t told him what I said.
3) 省略if 的条件句，如果条件句的谓语动词含有系动词were或助动词had或should，可以将if 省略，同时把were, had, should 移动到主语之前：
Had I known you were coming today, I would have met you at the airport.
If I had known you were coming today, I would have met you at the airport.
4) 有时候条件从句和结果主句的时态可以不一致，这种结构叫时态错综结构。
If you had taken my advice a week earlier, you would be quite all right now.
1． 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：
1) 在动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟结构：
与现在事实相反：用动词过去式，be 动词用 were
与过去事实相反：had +过去分词
与将来事实相反：would(could, might)+动词原型
I wish I could fly. I wish I were a boy.
I wish I had been born in Tang Dynasty.
I wish we could go with my brother when he flies to England next week.
2) Would rather, would sooner, would just as soon表示宁愿，后面的宾语从句用动词过去式表示与现在事实相反相反，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反：
I would rather you didn’t take any action for the time being.
I would rather you had come yesterday.
3) 表示愿望，请求，建议，命令等意义的动词引导宾语从句是，从句谓语结构为should +动词原型，在书面用语中，should 经常可以省略。如：demand, insist, suggest, command, request, order, propose, desire, require, urge, maintain, deserve, recommend, intend, move, ask, prefer, advise, decide等。
2． 虚拟语气用于主语从句：
it+形容词／过去分词＋should do
常用形容词：important, necessary, natural, possible, essential, vital, appropriate, better, best, imperative, probable, interesting, strange, odd, amazing, astonishing, surprising, annoying, ridiculous, absurd, sorry, shocked, astonished, unthinkable, incredible, advisable, desirable, urgent, preferable, etc.
常用过去分词：
suggested, requested, required, ordered, proposed, decided, settled, arranged, planned, recommended, advised,
It has been decided that the meeting should be postponed till next Sunday.
3． 虚拟语气用于状语从句：
1) 由as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气。
与现在事实相反：用动词过去式，be 动词用 were
与过去事实相反：had +过去分词
与将来事实相反：would(could, might)+动词原型
2) Lest, for fear 从句，should+动词原型，should可以省略
I wrote these notes down for fear that/lest I should forget.
4． 虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句中：
凡是含有建议，请求，要求等词义的表语和同位语从句后面要用should+动词原型，should 可以省略。如：idea, motion, plan, advice, demand, desire, order, proposal, preference, requirement, suggestion, decision, recommendation, etc.
Your suggestion that we should go outing is welcomed by the whole class.
２．３．４．５类用法可以归纳为，凡是含有建议，命令，请求，意图，惊奇，设想等含义的形容词，动词，名词后面的结构都要用should +动词原型，should都可以省略。
5． 虚拟语气用于定语从句：
常用句型：it is time that, it is high time that, it is about time that, 从句谓语用过去时
It is high time we went to bed.
It is high time we put an end to the war.
不定式
学习非谓语动词要掌握两个概念：A.非限定动词的动作意义；B.非限定动词的形式。任何一个动词都可能有不同形式的非限定动词的形式；但是无论这个动词写成哪一种非限定动词形式，它表示的意义是不会改变的。那么在决定使用它的哪一种形式之前，我们必须首先判断它或者与它构成的短语在句中的语法成分；再根据它在这种特定语言环境中的意义去决定它的恰当形式。 1. 掌握几种非限定动词形式之间的主要区别。 非限定动词的形式主要有三种：不定式、分词和动名词。有时，这三种形式都可以充当同一个句子成分，如：它们都可以作定语、表语，又如：不定式和动名词都可以作主语、宾语；不定式和分词都可以作状语、宾语补足语，等等。即使是同一种非限定动词形式，各自也有不同的形式，如：主动式、被动式；一般式、进行式、完成式，等等。因此，不了解这些非限定动词形式之间的主要区别，就无法正确使用非限定动词。当然这些区别中，有些是因为语言规则和习惯确定的；但很多却是由于意义和逻辑而决定的. 2. 着眼于意义，使用正确的非限定动词形式。 着眼于意义的作用在于，去解决那些由于意义和逻辑而决定的区别问题。如上所述,在决定使用一个动词的哪一种非限定动词形式之前，我们必须首先判断它或者与它构成的短语在句中的语法成分；再根据它在这种特定语言环境中的意义去看它与其相关词所构成的关系；经过对这种关系的分析后，就可以决定它的非限定动词形式了。 用所给动词的恰当形式完成下面各句： 1) She wanted the work _____ (complete) by Friday. 2) She wanted us _____ ( complete ) the wok by Friday. 3) We extended a warm welcome to his _____ (come) to our party. 4) She looked _____ (disappoint) after she lost the game. 1) She wanted the work to be completed by Friday 2) She wanted us to complete the wok by Friday. 3）We extended a warm welcome to his coming to our party . 我们对他来参加我们的聚会表示了热情的欢迎。（代词的所有格作动名词的修饰语） 4）She looked disappointed after she lost the game.输掉那场比赛后，她看上去很失望。
1. 不定式 ( Infinitive ) 从本节开始，和接下来的两节，我们要就这类"不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式"分别地进行讨论。这类动词和由它们所构成的动词短语有这样几个共同的特征： # 它们都是从动词变过来的，虽不能独立地在句子里担当谓语，却可以直接充当（除谓语外）其他各种成分，如：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补足语等。也就是说，它们可以起名词、形容词、副词等作用。 ## 由于它们都是从动词变过来的，所以它们依然保留着"动词的某些特征"--它们可以带有自己的宾语、状语。 我们先讨论一下不定式的句法功能，既不定式在句子中能担当那些句子成分。 1）主语 不定式作主语所表达的主要意思是"（要是去）做某事……"。那就是说，它尽管在此间相当于名词、代词的作用，但是它的动作意义却依然很强。另外，在正式的书面文体中，如果是不定式作句子的主语，那么要将不定式后置，而用引导词it 来取代它的"主语位置"。It 在句中没有任何意义，是句子的"形式主语"；真正的"逻辑主语"还是不定式。例如： To get there by air will take you only about two hours. 乘飞机去那儿记将只花你两个小时。 It will take you only about tow hours to get there by air. 乘飞机去那儿记将只花你两个时。 To do it once more needs time .将这件事再做一遍需要时间。 It needs time to do it once more. 将这件事再做一遍需要时间。 另外，如果要说明不定式短语的"逻辑主语"是谁，可在不定式前面加for引导的短语；在某些形容词作表语时，则要用以of引导的短语（这类形容词常见的有：kind , good , nice , wise , unwise , clever , silly , wrong , right , foolish , stupid , careless , considerate , rude , naughty , impolite）。例如： It is difficult for him to finish the work within one week. 让他在一周内完成这件工作是很困难的。 It is a pleasure for us to take part in the conference. 对我们来说，参加这个会议是件快事。 It is very kind of you to have given us so much help . 你给予我们这么多的帮助，真难为你了。 It is foolish of them to turn down the proposal . 他们拒不采纳那个建议是愚昧的。 2) 表语 不定式作表语所表达的主要意思是"说明或解释主语（要去）做什么事"。例如： Her best wish is to put her knowledge into practice. 她最大的愿望是将自己的知识用于实践。 His plan is to make a reform in their teaching methodology. 他的计划是要对他们的教学方法进行改革。 They appear to have accomplished their experiment. 他们似乎已成功地做完了试验。
3) 宾语 不定式可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语；这类及物动词常见的有： advise (忠告) , agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , begin (开始) , care (想要) , choose (决定、要) continue (继续) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , expect (期望) , forget (忘记) , fail (未能) , hate (不喜欢) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , like (喜欢) , manage (设法) , mean (打算) offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算) , prefer (宁愿) , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , show (演示) , start (开始) , tell (告诉) , teach (教) , try (尽力) , undertake (保证、担保) , volunteer (自愿) , want (想要) , wish (希望)等等。例如： She learned to cook when she was young . 她年青的时候就学会做饭了。 His father promised to take him to Italy this summer. 他父亲答应今年夏天带他去意大利。 The girl showed us how to dance disco. 那位女孩给我们演示怎样跳迪斯科。 I didn't expect to win the first place in the competition. 我没想到会在比赛中获得第一名的。 They undertook to finish the work by Monday. 他们保证在星期一以前完成工作。 He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the news. 他听到那个消息啼笑皆非。 I'd like to advise you what to do. 我要给你出主意怎么办。
4) 定语 英文中有很多名词能用不定式来作它们的定语，这些名词的"动词或形容词形式"后也常接不定式。这种情况可参照上面列举的"常用不定式作宾语的动词"情况。例如： He agreed ( v. )to join us .他同意和我们一起干。 We reached an agreement ( n. ) to the work together .我们达成协议共同干这工作。 She is able ( adj. ) to speak four languages .她能讲四种语言。 She has an ability ( n.) to speak four languages .她有讲四种语言的能力。 They plan ( v. ) to develop a new product .他们计划研制一种新产品。 They made a plan ( n. ) to develop a new product .他们制订了一个研制新产品的计划。 了解了上述情况后，我们再来看看那些常见的，能用不定式来作它们定语的名词有哪些： ability (能力，可能) , agreement (同意) , ambition (雄心，野心) , attempt (试，企图) , anything (任何事) , anybody (任何人) , a great deal (许多东西) , anxiety (焦急的心情) , campaign (运动，活动) , chance (机会) , claim (要求，主张) , courage (勇气) , decision (决定) , determination (决心) , effort (努力) , exercise (练习) , eagerness (急切的心情) , failure (失败) , hope (希望) , item (节目) , intention (意图) , man (人) , motive force (动力) , meeting (会议) , nobody (无人) , nothing (无事) , need (需要) , offer (提供、建议) , opportunity(机会) , person (人) , plan (计划) , promise (允诺) , room (房间) , right (权力) , refusal (拒绝、谢绝) , seat (座位) , someone (某人) , something (某事) , struggle (斗争) , time (时间) , thing (事情) , way (方法) , wish (希望)等等。另外，序数词first ，second 等以及last，best，only 等词也常用不定式来作它们的定语。
5) 状语 不定式作状语时，往往是接在不及物动词的后面，修饰谓语动词；表示谓语动作发生的。 A）目的、B）结果、C）原因、D）程度，等等。例如： A）作目的状语 She came to see me yesterday .她昨天来看我了。 He has been to New Zealand to have his further study. 他曾去新西兰深造过。 The man has to do some part-time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family .那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些另活。 You should study even harder in order to be a top student. 要当尖子学生，你应更加努力学习。 B）作结果状语 He dwelled so much on the problem only to show his unawareness of the solution to it. 他在这个问题上说了这么一大些，只能暴露出他对解决问题的办法一无所知。 They were too excited to say a word .他们太激动了以至说不出一句话来了。 What she has said to make you so sad? 她说了些什么让你如此伤心？ I returned home that day to find that everything was being in good order .那天我回到家却发现一切会那么井井有条。 C）作原因状语 I am sorry to hear that.听到这事我很难过。 They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. 发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。 To see him behaved in that way, I would think that he must have got something wrong with himself . 看到他这样的行为，我想他肯定有点不对劲。 D) 作程度状语 She wouldn't be so silly to say that .她不会傻得去说那件事的。 He was so rude to show the lady his pants. 他粗鲁得将他的短裤给那位妇女看。